Construction
The wine cellar is part of the basement of Casa Grande and consists of two rooms with double vault doors. It has no connection with the rest of the basement, as originally planned by Julia Morgan and W.R. Hearst. On June 14, 1922, Morgan wrote to Hearst: "The basement purposely has no connections between sections - for fire and thief protection ... Work is well under way on the basement excavating - but is slow as the charges of dynamite have to be small!" Hearst replied on July 8th: "I like the basement layout very much and appreciate the value of having the different parts of the basement separated by fireproof walls." As additions to Casa Grande were made, the basements were enlarged and eventually more than 9000 square feet of separate basement rooms were created, most used as storage vaults.

Located below the north end of the Assembly Room, the wine cellar is inconvenient relative to the kitchen. However, the cellar's placement was probably dictated by the need for an even cool temperature, more easily maintained on the north side of the building. Ideally, wines should be stored at 45 - 60 degrees Fahrenheit, as a higher temperature can cause the wine to mature too rapidly. Wine changes as it ages and has a definite lifetime, longer for most red wines than for whites. According to housekeeper Ann Miller, Hearst did have some type of cooling equipment in the wine cellar, but there has been no temperature cooling since the Department of Parks and Recreation took over. Wine is stored on its side so that the cork does not dry out and allow air to enter the bottle. Exposure to air will spoil wine, although liqueurs and spirits are usually not affected. Another concern in storing wine is light, an excessive amount of which makes the wine taste musty or flat.

The iron doors were installed as early as 1924. Mr. Hearst's secretary, Joe Willicombe, wrote to Julia Morgan in August of 1924: "Mr. Hearst told me to tell Mr. Rossi [the construction superintendent] to put the iron doors on the wine vault. Mr. Hearst wants to lock the vault and take the keys with him. He does not consider the wooden doors any protection against possible thievery." By all accounts, the wine cellar doors were always kept locked; as Hearst employee Wilfred Lyons jokingly said in an interview: "Mr. Hearst would lock up his cellar and you couldn't get into it. I mean even the butler had to order ahead."

Prohibition (1920 - 1933)
The Eighteenth Amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale or transportation of liquor in the United States had taken effect in 1920 and was not to be repealed until 1933, but that seemed to give little pause to Hearst's wine cellar plans. It does explain, however, his insistence on locked iron doors. Throughout the Prohibition era, he continued to serve alcohol to his guests. His editorial stance was for temperance but against Prohibition, because it was unenforceable and aided organized crime. In 1929 his newspapers conducted a nationwide contest with a $25,000 award for the best plan for the repeal of Prohibition. He wrote: "I consider the Eighteenth Amendment not only the most flagrant violation of the basic American principle of personal liberty that has ever been imposed on the American public, but the most complete failure as a temperance measure that has ever been conceived and put into impractical operation."

The Drinkers
Hearst himself was a moderate drinker. His son William Randolph Jr., says: "he never touched Scotch or gin, but enjoyed a glass of wine or beer with most of his meals. After dinner I don't remember ever seeing him drink brandy, but he had a sweet tooth for liqueurs like Cointreau, Benedictine and creme de menthe." Bill Jr., also wrote: "Evenings would begin with cocktails before dinner - whether it was a weekend party or a big birthday gala. Guests usually limited themselves to one drink. Pop did not like hard liquor or heavy drinking. He put the word out that no guests were to bring their own booze to the place. But some did and got drunk. He would have someone ask them to leave, and they would be driven to the train station at San Luis Obispo."

This was all rather hard on Hearst's sons and the heavily drinking Hollywood crowd; it was especially difficult for Marion Davies whose tendency to overindulge was well known. As the actor David Niven put it, "the wine would flow like glue during the meal." On the other hand, the wine that did flow was memorable. The author and gourmet Ludwig Bemelmans wrote critically, "The food was mediocre and badly served." But then he continued, "The Moselle wine was superb."

The Wines
Although San Luis Obispo County is today a wine-producing area, it was not so in W.R. Hearst's time. The many grapes grown in the Pergola area were used for eating only, and, as far as is known, Hearst never expressed a desire to make wine, although he was playing the role of gentleman farmer in almost every other aspect. Today, fine California wine is considered the equal of any in the world, but in Hearst's time the finest wine was from France and Germany. This is reflected in Hearst's wine collection. There were relatively few California wines; the bulk was from the Alsace, Bordeaux, and Burgundy regions in France and the Rhine and Moselle regions in Germany.